La familia del titanio pertenece a los metales de transición y está conformado por los elementos: titanio (Ti), circonio (Zr) y hafnio (Hf) y rutherfordio (Rf).
Este grupo al presentar 2 electrones s de la última capa y 2 d de la penúltima capa, es decir, 4 electrones de valencia; muestran propiedades similares a las del grupo 3, exceptuando el número de oxidación que es +4. Otros estados de oxidación que presentan estos elementos son +3 y +2, sin embargo la estabilidad de los compuestos con estos estados de oxidación disminuye al bajar en el grupo.
Propiedades físicas
- Son sólidos a temperatura ambiente
- Son de color plateado y poseen brillo metálico
- Conducen calor y electricidad
- Presentan altos puntos de fusión y de ebullición
Propiedades químicas
- Predomina el estado de oxidación +4.
- Son bastante reactivos. La reactividad aumenta a medida que se desciende en el grupo.
- Forman compuestos de coordinación, esto debido a su facilidad para formar enlaces covalentes con la participación de electrones d y por su tendencia a reaccionar químicamente en diferentes estado de oxidación estables y a cambiar con relativa facilidad de unos estados de oxidación a otros.
Usos y aplicaciones de los elementos del grupo 4
Titanio.
El titanio es utilizado principalmente en aleaciones para la fabricación de aviones, helicópteros, blindaje, buques de guerra, naves espaciales y misiles. Esto debido a que estas aleaciones son bastante fuertes y resistentes a la corrosión.
El compuesto más abundante de titanio es el dióxido de titanio, el cual podemos encontrar en la pasta dental, pintura, papel y en algunos plásticos. De igual manera, el cemento y las piedras preciosas contienen óxido de titanio.
Es común el uso de dióxido de titanio para fabricar cañas de pescar y palos golf proporcionándoles dureza y resistencia.
El titanio también es utilizado en la fabricación de intercambiadores de calor en las plantas de desalinización (que convierten el agua de mar en agua potable), ya que es resistente a la corrosión en agua de mar.
El titanio es perfecto para la fabricación de piercings corporales, esto debido que se puede pintar cómodamente y es inerte, es decir, no reacciona con otros elementos.
El titanio al ser un material fuerte, resistente y ligero es usado para la fabricación de armas de fuego, edificios y hasta el cuerpo de los ordenadores portátiles o laptop.
En el mundo del deporte también es ampliamente usado para la elaboración de las parrillas de casco de fútbol americano, raquetas de tenis, cascos de cricket y cuadros de bicicletas, entre otros.
En medicina, es utilizado para la fabricación de instrumentos quirúrgicos, las sillas de ruedas, las muletas, implantes dentales, bolas de la cadera y reemplazos articulares, entre otros.
Circonio.
La principal utilidad que presenta el circonio es en la obtención de energía nuclear. El 90% del circonio que se emplea en las actividades humanas se usa en el recubrimiento de reactores nucleares.
El óxido impuro de circonio se utiliza en la elaboración de equipos de laboratorio, hornos metalúrgicos y materiales refractarios en vidrio. También se usa en la fabricación de tubos de vacío, aparatos quirúrgicos, en aleaciones y como aditivo.
Sin embargo, su utilidad más importante es como piedra preciosa, esto debido a que presenta un alto índice de refracción y atractivo visual, lo que lo hace abundante en el mundo de la joyería.
Hafnio.
Este elemento se emplea en la elaboración de filamentos eléctricos en aleación con wolframio y tántalo.
También se emplea, junto al circonio como material estructural en las plantas nucleares de energía, debido a su alta resistencia a altas temperaturas.
De igual manera, se emplean en la elaboración de barras de control para reactores nucleares, ya que tiene la capacidad de absorber neutrones.
Rutherfordio.
El rutherfordio es un elemento químico artificial de origen sintético y que se identifica por su alta radiactividad, conociéndose muy poco sobre sus propiedades. Por tal razón, no posee utilidad comercial. Su uso más común es en la investigación científica.
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